Meningitis-like reactions, also known as aseptic meningitis or viral meningitis, is a term used to describe a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms similar to bacterial meningitis, but without the presence of bacteria in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
The condition typically manifests as inflammation of the meninges, the three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms may include sudden onset of severe headache, neck stiffness, fever, sensitivity to light (photophobia), nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms are similar to bacterial meningitis, but meningitis-like reactions are usually milder and resolve on their own without specific treatment.
Meningitis-like reactions are primarily caused by viral infections, particularly enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus and echovirus. These viruses can be transmitted through respiratory secretions, fecal-oral route, or contact with contaminated surfaces. However, other viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, can also cause meningitis-like reactions.
To diagnose meningitis-like reactions, a healthcare provider may perform a lumbar puncture to collect a sample of CSF for analysis. In cases of viral meningitis, the CSF analysis typically reveals lymphocytic pleocytosis, an elevated white blood cell count.
Since meningitis-like reactions are usually caused by viral infections, treatment is primarily supportive, aiming to alleviate symptoms. This may involve bed rest, hydration, over-the-counter pain relievers for headache and fever, and antiemetics for nausea and vomiting. Antiviral medications may be prescribed in specific cases, such as when the herpes simplex virus is the cause.
