Periarteritis nodosa, also known as polyarteritis nodosa, is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage of the medium-sized blood vessels in numerous organs throughout the body. The condition primarily affects the arteries, resulting in the formation of nodules, or small swelling, along the affected vessels, hence the name "nodosa."
This chronic systemic vasculitis typically involves multiple organs including the heart, kidneys, liver, GI tract, and skin. The exact cause of periarteritis nodosa is unknown, although it is believed to be linked to an abnormal immune response. It is not contagious nor inherited.
Signs and symptoms of periarteritis nodosa may vary depending on the affected organs but commonly include fever, weight loss, fatigue, joint and muscle pain, skin rashes, abdominal pain, high blood pressure, and nerve abnormalities. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as tissue damage, necrosis, organ failure, and even death.
Diagnosis of periarteritis nodosa typically involves a combination of clinical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsy of affected tissues. Treatment involves the use of immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs, to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation. Other supportive measures may include pain management, blood pressure control, and management of specific organ involvement.
While there is no known cure for periarteritis nodosa, prompt and adequate treatment can help to control the inflammation and prevent further damage to the affected organs. Regular medical follow-up is necessary to monitor disease activity and adjust treatment as needed.
